An example of appraisal coping strategies could be individuals purchasing tickets to a football game, knowing their medical condition would likely cause them to not be able to attend. Individuals who use appraisal coping strategies purposely alter their perspective on their situation in order to have a more positive outlook on their situation. Lazarus "notes the connection between his idea of 'defensive reappraisals' or cognitive coping and Freud's concept of 'ego-defenses '", coping strategies thus overlapping with a person's defense mechanisms.Īppraisal-focused coping strategies Īppraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive) strategies occur when the person modifies the way they think, for example: employing denial, or distancing oneself from the problem. Problem-focused coping mechanisms may allow an individual greater perceived control over their problem, whereas emotion-focused coping may sometimes lead to a reduction in perceived control (maladaptive coping). All these strategies can prove useful, but some claim that those using problem-focused coping strategies will adjust better to life. Typically, people use a mixture of several types of coping strategies, which may change over time. Besides, in reality, people can adopt multiple coping strategies simultaneously. Some scholars have questioned the psychometric validity of forced categorisation as those strategies are not independent to each other. Billings and Moos added avoidance coping as one of the emotion-focused coping. Weiten has identified four types of coping strategies: appraisal-focused (adaptive cognitive), problem-focused (adaptive behavioral), emotion-focused, and occupation-focused coping. In the early days, Folkman and Lazarus split the coping strategies into four groups, namely problem-focused, emotion-focused, support-seeking, and meaning-making coping. Researchers try to group coping responses rationally, empirically by factor analysis, or through a blend of both techniques. Classification of these strategies into a broader architecture has not been agreed upon. Hundreds of coping strategies have been proposed in an attempt to understand how people cope.
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